Hard Disk Monitoring

A notebook HDD in a USB case when for some reason it disconnects and then reconnects, does it have a protection system to prevent damage and the generation of bad sectors (badblocks)? When it disconnects it makes a sound in Windows 10

This disconnect / reconnect is very common for 2.5" USB drives and serious problem: it can permanently damage the disk drive and can cause data corruption / data loss.

This is usually related to USB port, cables/connections: the drive may not receive enough power for proper operation. Very common if the drive connected to USB 2.0 port which may not provide enough power for correct operation.
As aresult, sometimes the drive may not able to spin up at all - or may periodically spin down / up again. Using a drive this way can cause complete failure.

This is explained at

https://www.hdsentinel.com/hard_disk_case_spin_retry.php

At the time of this event that occurred I was not copying files. This happened to me a few times in a row randomly. It would be as if I ejected the HDD. This generated badblocks and bad sectors. Will a new surface test be necessary? I tested the surface of the HDD and no problems were found. Only after the test did this disconnection/connection occur.

Before this event the surface test found no damaged blocks after this event sometimes automatically disconnects/reconnects the HDD will a new surface test of many hours be necessary to check if there was any problem or if it generated bad blocks and bad sectors?